<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To define the incidence and characteristics of influenza-associated neurologic complications in a cohort of children hospitalized at a tertiary care pediatric hospital with laboratory-confirmed influenza, and to identify associated clinical, epidemiologic, and virologic factors.</p>

<p><strong>STUDY DESIGN: </strong>Historical cohort study of children 0.5-18.0 years-old hospitalized between 2010-2017 with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Children with immune compromise or a positive test due to recent receipt of live virus vaccine or recently resolved illness were excluded. Influenza-associated neurologic complications were defined as new-onset neurologic signs/symptoms during acute influenza illness without another clear etiology.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>At least one influenza-associated neurologic complication was identified in 10.8% (95% CI 9.1-12.6%, n=131 of 1,217) of hospitalizations with laboratory-confirmed influenza. Seizures (n=97) and encephalopathy (n=44) were the most commonly identified influenza-associated neurologic complication, although an additional 20 hospitalizations had other influenza-associated neurologic complications. Hospitalizations with influenza-associated neurologic complications were similar in age and influenza type (A/B) to those without. Children with a pre-existing neurologic diagnosis (n=326) had a higher proportion of influenza-associated neurologic complications compared with those without (22.7% vs 6.4%, p&lt;0.001). Presence of a pre-existing neurologic diagnosis (aOR 4.6, P &lt; .001), lack of seasonal influenza vaccination (aOR 1.6, p=0.020), and age ≤5 years (aOR 1.6, p=0.017) were independently associated with influenza-associated neurologic complications.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Influenza-associated neurologic complications are common in children hospitalized with influenza, particularly those with pre-existing neurologic diagnoses. A better understanding of the epidemiology and factors associated with influenza-associated neurologic complications will direct future investigation into potential neuropathologic mechanisms and mitigating strategies. Vaccination is recommended and may help prevent influenza-associated neurologic complications in children.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>Transmasculine individuals, those assigned female sex at birth but who identify as masculine, have high rates of suicidal behavior and often suffer from chest dysphoria (discomfort and distress from unwanted breast development). Growing numbers of transmasculine youth are pursuing definitive treatment with masculinizing chest surgery (MCS), and adult studies reveal marked benefits of MCS, although little is known about the impact of chest dysphoria on transmasculine youth or the optimal timing of MCS. In this study, we aimed to explore youth experiences of chest dysphoria and the impact of MCS.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Transmasculine youth aged 13 to 21 were recruited from a pediatric hospital-based gender clinic. Participants completed a semistructured qualitative interview exploring the experience of chest dysphoria and thoughts about or experiences with MCS. Interview transcripts were coded by 3 investigators employing modified grounded theory, with the median interrater reliability at κ = 0.92.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Subjects ( = 30) were a mean age of 17.5 years, and 47% had undergone MCS. Youth reported that chest dysphoria triggered strong negative emotions and suicidal ideation, caused a myriad of functional limitations, and was inadequately relieved by testosterone therapy alone. All post-MCS youth reported near or total resolution of chest dysphoria, lack of regret, and improved quality of life and functioning.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>We observed consensus that chest dysphoria is a major source of distress and can be functionally disabling to transmasculine youth. MCS performed during adolescence, including before age 18, can alleviate suffering and improve functioning. Additional research is needed to develop patient-reported outcome measures to assess the impact of chest dysphoria and MCS.</p>