<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) is increasingly being used as a bridge to transplant in pediatric patients. We compare outcomes in pediatric patients bridged to transplant with MCS from an international cohort.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>This retrospective cohort study of heart-transplant patients reported to the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) registry from 2005-2017 includes 5,095 patients &lt;18 years. Pretransplant MCS exposure and anatomic diagnosis were derived. Outcomes included mortality, renal failure, and stroke.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>26% of patients received MCS prior to transplant: 240 (4.7%) on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), 1,030 (20.2%) on ventricular assist device (VAD), and 54 (1%) both. 29% of patients were &lt;1 year, and 43.8% had congenital heart disease (CHD). After adjusting for clinical characteristics, compared to no-MCS and VAD, ECMO had higher mortality during their transplant hospitalization [OR 3.97 &amp; 2.55; 95% CI 2.43-6.49 &amp; 1.42-4.60] while VAD mortality was similar [OR 1.55; CI 0.99-2.45]. Outcomes of ECMO+VAD were similar to ECMO alone, including increased mortality during transplant hospitalization compared to no-MCS [OR 4.74; CI 1.81-12.36]. Patients with CHD on ECMO had increased 1 year, and 10 year mortality [HR 2.36; CI 1.65-3.39], [HR 1.82; CI 1.33-2.49]; there was no difference in survival in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients based on pretransplant MCS status.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Survival in CHD and DCM is similar in patients with no MCS or VAD prior to transplant, while pretransplant ECMO use is strongly associated with mortality after transplant particularly in children with CHD. In children with DCM, long term survival was equivalent regardless of MCS status.</p>

<p><b>PURPOSE: </b>With advances in mechanical circulatory support and orthotopic heart transplants (OHT) remaining a limited resource, there has been a dramatic increase in Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) implantation. There is minimal data comparing emergency department (ED) resource utilization and outcomes between these populations. We examined national estimates of VAD and OHT-related ED visits and evaluated admissions, resource utilization, and mortality.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>This study is an epidemiological analysis comparing national estimates of ED visit-level data from the 2006-2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) in patients with VADs vs OHT, identified using ICD-9 codes. The primary outcome was death; secondary outcomes included median inflation-adjusted charge and hospital admission. We tested the hypothesis that resource utilization and mortality are higher in ED visits for VAD patients compared to OHT patients.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>17,356 VAD-related ED, and 138,133 OHT-related visits were identified. Patients with VADs were more likely to be male (74% vs 70%, p=0.001) and ≥ 65 yo (39% vs 38%, p=0.0004). VADs were more likely to have a primary diagnosis of bleeding (25% vs 2%) and less likely to have acute respiratory disease (6% vs 20%, p<0.0001 for both). VAD-related ED visits had higher rates of inpatient admission or transfer (73% vs 57%) and a higher mortality rate (4.7% vs 1.8%) than patients with OHT (p <0.0001 for all). Moreover, VAD related ED visits had higher median inflation-adjusted charges [$23,862 (IQR $7,129-$58,265) vs $11,364 (IQR $3,001-$31,694)] (p<0.0001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>Patients with VADs presenting to the ED represent a population with greater morbidity, mortality and resource utilization compared to OHT. A more developed understanding of those factors that drive mortality and resource use is imperative for improving outcomes in this high-risk population.</p>

<p><b>PURPOSE: </b>Data related to the epidemiology and resource utilization of ventricular assist device (VAD) related emergency department (ED) visits are limited. However, an improved understanding of the burden of VADs on the healthcare system is critical to designing interventions that improve outcomes. We examined national estimates of VAD-related ED visits and described medical complexity, admissions, resource utilization, and mortality.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>This study utilizes data from ED encounter-level data via the 2006-2014 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). ICD-9 codes were used to identify patient-encounters with VADs. Demographic and clinical factors are reported via descriptive statistics. The primary outcome was death; secondary outcomes included median inflation-adjusted charge and hospital admission.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>From 2006 to 2014, over 900 million ED visits were evaluated, of which 17,356 (.002%) VAD-related ED visits were identified, for a median of 1,028 (SD 1,489) visits per year. Most VAD ED encounters were represented by patients that were male (74%), ≥ 45 years old (73%), and living in an urban environment (85%). 73% of VAD related ED visits resulted in inpatient admission and the median inflation-adjusted charge was $23,862 (IQR 7,129; 58,265) per visit. Mortality, either in the ED or during an associated admission, was 4.7%. The most common primary diagnoses were cardiac (32%) followed by bleeding (25%) and infection (18%). More than half of the encounters were with patients with ≥1 chronic medical condition, with diabetes (34%) and hypertension (31%) the most prevalent.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>This is the first study to use national level data to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with VADs who present to the ED. With nearly 1 in 20 VAD ED encounters resulting in death, strategies to reduce mortality are urgently needed.</p>

<p><b>PURPOSE: </b>Heart transplantation (HT) in children consumes substantial health care resources. However, little is known regarding the financing of pediatric HT in the US and whether there have been changes in the nature of pediatric HT financing over time.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>The United Network for Organ Sharing thoracic organ transplant database was queried for all HTs performed in patients <18 years of age between 1994 and 2018. Primary payer status at the time of HT was identified for all HT recipients and classified as either private, Medicaid, or other. Trends over time were analyzed using linear regression. Payer status was similarly examined for patients at the time of waiting list addition.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>During the study period, 8289 HTs were performed in patients <18 years of age, with primary payer information available for 98.9% of the cohort. The annual number of pediatric HTs increased from 196 in 1994 to 465 in 2018. There were significant changes in primary payer over time. In 1994, private insurance and Medicaid covered 49.0% and 40.3% of recipients, respectively, while by 2018, the dominant proportion changed such that private insurance and Medicaid covered 38.9% and 51.4% of recipients, respectively (P<0.0001) (Figure 1). Similar trends were observed for primary payer status at the time of waiting list addition (P<0.0001).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>Currently, pediatric HT in the US is funded predominantly by Medicaid. In recent years, the proportion of patients with private insurance has fallen with a commensurate increase in Medicaid as primary payer. These findings have implications in view of recent threats to Medicaid funding nationally. Further study is necessary to better understand the causes and impacts of these temporal changes.</p>

<p><b>PURPOSE: </b>There are minimal data on emergency department (ED) resource utilization for pediatric patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs), and it is unclear if adult data can be extrapolated to children.</p><p><b>METHODS: </b>This analysis of national estimates of ED-visit level encounters uses the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). Patients from 2006 to 2014 with VADs were identified using ICD-9 codes and categorized as pediatric (≤18y), young adult (19-44y), middle adult (45-64y) and older adult (≥65y). The primary outcome was death; secondary outcomes included median inflation adjusted charge, admission/transfer rate, and primary encounter diagnoses.</p><p><b>RESULTS: </b>Over the 9 years studied, a total of 254 (95% CI 190-318) pediatric, 3,003 (95% CI 2424-3582) young adult, 7,590 (95% CI 6220-8961) middle adult, and 6,857 (95% CI 5604-8110) older adult ED encounters were identified. Compared to all other age groups, the pediatric VAD ED encounters were more likely to occur at a non-teaching or non-metropolitan ED, to have private insurance as a primary payer, and have a higher proportion of female patients (p ≤ 0.0003 for all). The two most frequent primary encounter diagnoses in pediatric patients were acute gastrointestinal (19%) and respiratory complaints (14%), both of which were uncommon in all adult age groups (p < 0.0001). Admission/transfer rate and charges were significantly lower for pediatric VAD ED encounters (p < 0.0001 for both, Figure). In contrast, overall inpatient and ED mortality did not differ (1.7% vs. 2.3% to 5.3%, p > 0.2 for all).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION: </b>In this study evaluating ED resource utilization of VAD patients, pediatric patients had much lower admission rate and charges compared to their adult counterparts-likely reflecting generally lower acuity complaints or potentially less medical complexity. Still, high mortality rates across all ages highlights the ubiquitous fragility of patients with VADs presenting to the ED and the need for strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality.</p>