<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Pediatric health systems are increasingly screening caregivers for unmet social needs. However, it remains unclear how best to connect families with unmet needs to available and appropriate community resources. We aimed to explore caregivers' perceived barriers to and facilitators of community resource connection.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted semi-structured interviews with caregivers of pediatric patients admitted to one inpatient unit of an academic quaternary care children's hospital. All caregivers who screened positive for one or more unmet social needs on a tablet-based screener were invited to participate in an interview. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded by two independent coders using content analysis, resolving discrepancies by consensus. Interviews continued until thematic saturation was achieved.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>We interviewed 28 of 31 eligible caregivers. Four primary themes emerged. First, caregivers of children with complex chronic conditions felt that competing priorities related to their children's medical care often made it more challenging to establish connection with resources. Second, caregivers cited burdensome application and enrollment processes as a barrier to resource connection. Third, caregivers expressed a preference for geographically tailored, web-based resources, rather than paper resources. Lastly, caregivers expressed a desire for ongoing longitudinal support in establishing and maintaining connections with community resources after their child's hospital discharge.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Pediatric caregivers with unmet social needs reported competing priorities and burdensome application processes as barriers to resource connection. Electronic resources can help caregivers identify locally available services, but longitudinal supports may also be needed to ensure caregivers can establish and maintain linkages with these services.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>To develop and test the feasibility of a caregiver self-administered social needs screener, a Web-based searchable community resource map, and a process map for implementation of these tools as part of social needs screening and referral on a pediatric inpatient unit.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>A multidisciplinary team used quality improvement methodology to develop an electronic social needs screener, resource map Web site, and electronic health record enhancements. A process map for implementation of these tools was refined through plan-do-study-act cycles before full implementation. Weekly measures included the number of eligible caregivers screened, prevalence of reported social needs, and use of social work resources.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>During the 22-week study period, 147 caregivers were screened and 2 declined to participate. Thirty-four percent of caregivers endorsed ≥1 social need. The most common needs identified were depressive symptoms (23%), food insecurity (19%), and need for assistance with utilities (10%). All participants received information about the resource map, and 99% of caregivers with an identified need met with a social worker during their admission.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Using quality improvement methodology and technology, the team implemented a new standardized process for addressing social needs on an inpatient unit. This led to identification of social needs in more than one-third of caregivers screened and provision of resource map information to all caregivers. These findings reinforce the importance of standardized assessment of social needs in the pediatric inpatient setting. The role of technology, including resource maps and electronic health record enhancements, was highlighted.</p>

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Urinalysis, liver enzymes (LE) and lipase are used to screen for abdominal injuries in children with suspected physical abuse (SPA). However, data on the utility of urinalysis is limited.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>Describe the prevalence of hematuria in evaluations for SPA. Determine test characteristics of hematuria, LE and lipase to identify kidney and other abdominal injuries among children with SPA.</p>

<p><strong>PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: </strong>Children &lt; 7 years receiving a urinalysis during evaluation for SPA by a hospital child protection team.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data including presence of hematuria (blood on urine dipstick), elevated LE (&gt; 80 U/L) and elevated lipase (&gt; 100 U/L) were abstracted retrospectively. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the overall study population and for patients without abdominal symptoms.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Ten percent of patients had hematuria (N = 237). Prevalence of abdominal and kidney injuries was 7 % and 1 % respectively. Of 3 patients with kidney injury, 2 had hematuria and all had elevated LE. Sensitivity (67 %) and NPV (99 %) of hematuria to detect kidney injuries were lower than LE and the same as lipase. Specificity (91 %) and PPV (8%) of hematuria to detect kidney injury were greater than LE and similar to lipase. Sensitivity of hematuria to detect any abdominal injury (50 %) was lower than LE (81 %). Sensitivity of hematuria to detect occult abdominal injury was 0 %.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Hematuria alone did not lead to detection of kidney injury. Test characteristics of hematuria were largely similar or inferior to LE and lipase.</p>

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Abusive head injuries in infants may be occult but clinically or forensically important. Data conflict regarding yield of neuroimaging in detecting occult head injuries in infants evaluated for physical abuse, with prior studies identifying yields of 4.3-37.3 %.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>(1) To quantify yield of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging in identification of occult head injuries in infants with concerns for physical abuse and (2) to evaluate risk factors for occult head injuries.</p>

<p><strong>PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, stratified, random systematic sample of 529 infants &lt;12 months evaluated for physical abuse at 4 urban children's hospitals in the United States from 2008-2012. Infants with signs or symptoms suggesting head injury or skull fracture on plain radiography (N = 359), and infants without neuroimaging (N = 1) were excluded.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Sampling weights were applied to calculate proportions of infants with occult head injuries. We evaluated for associations between hypothesized risk factors (age &lt;6 months, rib or extremity fracture, facial bruising) and occult head injury using chi-square tests.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of 169 neurologically normal infants evaluated for abuse, occult head injury was identified in 6.5 % (95 % CI: 2.6, 15.8). Infants &lt;6 months were at higher risk (9.7 %; 95 % CI: 3.6, 23.3) than infants 6-12 months (1.0 %; 95 % CI: 1.3, 20.2). Rib fracture, extremity fracture and facial bruising were not associated with occult head injury.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Occult head injuries were less frequent than previously reported in some studies, but were identified in 1 in 10 infants &lt;6 months. Clinicians should have a low threshold to obtain neuroimaging in young infants with concern for abuse.</p>