BACKGROUND: Clinical decision support (CDS) is a promising intervention for improving uptake of HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). However, little is known regarding provider perspectives on acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of CDS for HIV prevention in pediatric primary care, a key implementation setting.

METHODS: This was a cross-sectional multiple methods study utilizing surveys and in-depth interviews with pediatricians to assess acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of CDS for HIV prevention, as well as to identify contextual barriers and facilitators to CDS. Qualitative analysis utilized work domain analysis and a deductive coding approach grounded in the Consolidated Framework of Implementation Research. Quantitative and qualitative data were merged to develop an Implementation Research Logic Model to conceptualize implementation determinants, strategies, mechanisms, and outcomes of potential CDS use.

RESULTS: Participants (n = 26) were primarily white (92%), female (88%), and physicians (73%). Using CDS to improve HIV testing and PrEP delivery was perceived as highly acceptable (median score 5), IQR [4-5]), appropriate (5, IQR [4-5]), and feasible (4, IQR [3.75-4.75]) using a 5-point Likert scale. Providers identified confidentiality and time constraints as two key barriers to HIV prevention care spanning every workflow step. With respect to desired CDS features, providers sought interventions that were integrated into the primary care workflow, standardized to promote universal testing yet adaptable to the level of a patient's HIV risk, and addressed providers' knowledge gaps and bolstered self-efficacy in providing HIV prevention services.

CONCLUSIONS: This multiple methods study indicates that clinical decision support in the pediatric primary care setting may be an acceptable, feasible, and appropriate intervention for improving the reach and equitable delivery of HIV screening and PrEP services. Design considerations for CDS in this setting should include deploying CDS interventions early in the visit workflow and prioritizing standardized but flexible designs.

PURPOSE: Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhea (CT/NG) retesting three months after diagnosis is a guideline-recommended strategy to detect re-infections. Adolescents and young adults are priority populations in the U.S. Sexually Transmitted Infections National Strategic Plan, but there is a lack of research examining CT/NG retesting among these populations. This study describes retesting following CT/NG diagnosis among adolescent and young adult patients at Title X and non-Title X clinics and measures the association of patient-level factors with CT/NG retesting.

METHODS: We evaluated electronic medical records from 2014 to 2020 from an academic urban-suburban primary care network. The primary outcome was retesting, defined as a diagnostic test for CT or NG ordered 8-16 weeks after index diagnosis. Mixed effects logistic regression modeling stratified by Title X funding was conducted to evaluate the association of patient-level factors with CT/NT retesting.

RESULTS: Overall, 23.5% (n = 731) of patients were retested within 8-16 weeks following index CT/NG diagnosis. A significantly greater proportion of Title X patients were retested compared to non-Title X patients. Males were significantly less likely to be retested compared to females, and the proportion of patients retested decreased significantly over the study period.

DISCUSSION: Guideline-recommended retesting following CT/NG diagnosis was low in this young primary care cohort, especially among male and non-Title X clinic patients. Decreases in CT/NG retesting over the study period may be contributing to worsening of the STI epidemic. Our results provide insights into CT/NG retesting that can inform efforts to end the STI epidemic.

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Data regarding the acceptability, feasibility, and quality of telehealth among adolescents and young adults (AYA) and their parents and caregivers (caregivers) are lacking.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>The aim of this study was to assess the noninferiority of telehealth versus in-person visits by comparing acceptability with respect to efficiency, effectiveness, equity, patient-centeredness, and confidentiality.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Cross-sectional web-based surveys were sent to caregivers and AYA following video visits within an Adolescent Medicine subspecialty clinic in May-July 2020. Proportions of AYA and caregivers who rated telehealth as noninferior were compared using chi-squared tests. Feasibility was assessed via items measuring technical difficulties. Deductive thematic analysis using the Institute of Medicine dimensions of health care quality was used to code open-ended question responses.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Survey response rates were 20.5% (55/268) for AYA and 21.8% (123/563) for caregivers. The majority of the respondents were White cisgender females. Most AYA and caregivers rated telehealth as noninferior to in-person visits with respect to confidentiality, communication, medication management, and mental health care. A higher proportion of AYA compared to caregivers found telehealth inferior with respect to confidentiality (11/51, 22% vs 3/118, 2.5%, P&lt;.001). One-quarter (14/55) of the AYA patients and 31.7% (39/123) of the caregivers reported technical difficulties. The dominant themes in the qualitative data included advantages of telehealth for efficiency and equity of health care delivery. However, respondents' concerns included reduced safety and effectiveness of care, particularly for patients with eating disorders, owing to lack of hands-on examinations, collection of vital signs, and laboratory testing.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Telehealth was highly acceptable among AYA and caregivers. Future optimization should include improving privacy, ameliorating technical difficulties, and standardizing at-home methods of obtaining patient data to assure patient safety.</p>

<p><strong>PURPOSE: </strong>HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces HIV transmission and is approved for adolescents aged 12-17 years. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have modest PrEP uptake rates, while many receive reproductive health counseling. We sought to identify opportunities for incorporating PrEP education in contraceptive counseling delivered to AGYW.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Health Coaching for Contraceptive Continuation pilot study, which supported contraceptive use among AGYW. Participants were 14-22 years old, sexually active with males, and not desiring pregnancy within 12 months. Coaches were sexual health educators with ≥5&nbsp;years' experience providing contraceptive and PrEP counseling to youth. Participants completed a baseline visit within 30 days of contraceptive initiation and completed up to five monthly coaching sessions. Of 33 enrollees, this analysis includes the 21 who completed ≥4 sessions. Two coders deductively coded session transcripts for five themes: opportunities to discuss PrEP; HIV knowledge, risk perception, and testing attitudes; changes in HIV risk status; condom use knowledge and skills; and sexually transmitted infection knowledge and risk perception.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 111 transcripts coded, 24 contained opportunities to discuss PrEP and were inductively analyzed. Thematic analysis demonstrated three types of opportunities for PrEP discussions: failure to introduce information, and provision of incomplete information or misinformation. Analysis also revealed four opportunity contexts: sexually transmitted infection prevention strategies, HIV risk reduction, avoidance of adverse sexual health outcomes, and disclosures of condom nonprotected sexual behaviors. Only one transcript mentioned PrEP.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Multiple opportunities to introduce PrEP counseling exist within contraceptive counseling provided to AGYW.</p>

<p><b>ABSTRACT: </b>Disruptions in STI testing infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic threaten to impact STI service delivery for adolescents. Within a large pediatric primary care network, we compared STI testing encounters between the pandemic period and an analogous pre-pandemic period. STI test counts decreased and test positivity increased during the pandemic period.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>Nonadherence in sexual risk reduction interventions may be common among adolescents. We compared intervention completion rates among adolescent and young adult women with and without a prior pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection (STI) participating in a program to improve contraceptive continuation.</p>

<p><strong>DESIGN: </strong>Secondary data analysis from a feasibility study of a health coaching intervention to improve contraceptive continuation.</p>

<p><strong>SETTING: </strong>Three urban pediatric clinics in Philadelphia.</p>

<p><strong>PARTICIPANTS: </strong>Women ages 14-22 years who were English-speaking, sexually active in the past year, not desiring pregnancy in the next year, and starting a new contraceptive method.</p>

<p><strong>INTERVENTIONS: </strong>At baseline, participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and semi-structured interview, followed by five monthly coaching sessions. Interviews and coaching sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and coded for thematic content.</p>

<p><strong>MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: </strong>Intervention completion was defined as the number of completed coaching sessions.</p>

<p><strong>SECONDARY OUTCOMES: </strong>Qualitatively explored group differences in reproductive knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Participants with a prior adverse outcome (a prior STI and/or a prior pregnancy) completed fewer coaching sessions than those without such history (median: 2 vs. 4, p=0.03). Both groups had low HIV/STI knowledge, negative attitudes towards pregnancy, and low HIV/STI risk perception. Those with a prior adverse reproductive outcome held more negative attitudes towards condoms.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Despite similar reproductive knowledge, attitudes, and risk perception, young women who have experienced an adverse reproductive outcome may be less likely to fully engage in sexual risk reduction interventions. Future studies should confirm these findings and consider strategies to optimize interventions reach for vulnerable youth.</p>

<p>The effects of mental health comorbidities and social support on the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) care continuum are unknown. We conducted a cross-sectional study of men and transgender individuals, ≥ 18&nbsp;years-old, with ≥ 2 male or transgender partners, or recent condomless anal intercourse. Surveys assessed demographics, mental health treatment, depressive symptomatology, social support, and PrEP-related social contacts. Logistic regression assessed associations between these factors and PrEP uptake and persistence. Participants (n = 247) were 89% cis-male and 46% African-American. Median age was 27 (IQR:23-33). Thirty-seven percent had ever used PrEP, of whom 18% discontinued use. High depressive symptomology was identified in 11% and 9% were receiving mental health treatment. There were no significant associations between depressive symptoms or mental health treatment on the odds of PrEP uptake or discontinuation. Each additional PrEP contact conferred a greater odds of uptake (aOR:1.24, 95% CI: 1.09-1.42). Network-level targets may produce fruitful interventions to increase PrEP uptake.</p>

<p><strong>BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: </strong>Rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have increased over the decade. Guidelines recommend HIV testing with incident STIs. Prevalence and factors associated with HIV testing in acute STIs are unknown in adolescents. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of completed HIV testing among adolescents with incident STIs and identify patient and health care factors associated with HIV testing.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Retrospective study of STI episodes (gonorrhea, <em>Chlamydia,</em>&nbsp;trichomoniasis, or syphilis) of adolescents between 13 and 24 years old from July 2014 to December 2017 in 2 urban primary care clinics. We performed mixed effects logistic regression modeling to identify patient and health care factors associated with HIV testing within 90 days of STI diagnosis.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The 1313 participants contributed 1816 acute STI episodes. Mean age at STI diagnosis was 17.2 years (SD = 1.7), 75% of episodes occurred in females, and 97% occurred in African Americans. Only half (55%) of acute STI episodes had a completed HIV test. In the adjusted model, female sex, previous STIs, uninsured status, and confidential sexual health encounters were associated with decreased odds of HIV testing. Patients enrolled in primary care at the clinics, compared with those receiving sexual health care alone, and those with multipathogen STI diagnoses were more likely to have HIV testing.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>HIV testing rates among adolescents with acute STIs are suboptimal. Patient and health care factors were found to be associated with receipt of testing and should be considered in clinical practice.</p>

<p><strong>PURPOSE: </strong>The aim of the study was to characterize perceived social support for young men and transgender women who have sex with men (YM/TWSM) taking HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Mixed-methods study of HIV-negative YM/TWSM of color prescribed oral PrEP. Participants completed egocentric network inventories characterizing their social support networks and identifying PrEP adherence support figures. A subset (n&nbsp;= 31) completed semistructured interviews exploring adherence support and qualities of PrEP support figures. We calculated proportions of role types (e.g., family), individuals disclosed to regarding PrEP use, and PrEP-supportive individuals within each participant network. Interviews were analyzed using an inductive approach.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Participants (n&nbsp;= 50) were predominately African American men who have sex with men. Median age was 22&nbsp;years (interquartile range: 20-23). Biologic family were the most common support figures, reported by 75% of participants (mean family proportion .37 [standard deviation (SD): .31]), followed by 67% reporting friends (mean friend proportion .38 [SD: .36]). Most network members were aware (mean disclosed proportion .74 [SD: .31]) and supportive (mean supportive proportion .87 [SD: .28]) of the participants' PrEP use. Nearly all (98%) participants identified ≥1 figure who provided adherence support; more often friends (48%) than family (36%). Participants characterized support as instrumental (e.g., transportation); emotional (e.g., affection); and social interaction (e.g., taking medication together). Key characteristics of PrEP support figures included closeness, dependability, and homophily (alikeness) with respect to sexual orientation.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Although most YM/TWSM identified family in their support networks, friends were most often cited as PrEP adherence support figures. Interventions to increase PrEP adherence should consider integrated social network and family-based approaches.</p>

<p>We aimed to discover barriers and facilitators of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence in young men and transgender women of color who have sex with men (YMSM/TW). Short-term and sustained adherence were measured by urine tenofovir concentration and pharmacy refills, respectively. Optimal adherence was defined as having both urine tenofovir concentration consistent with dose ingestion within 48&nbsp;h and pharmacy refills consistent with ≥ 4 doses per week use. Participants completed semi-structured interviews exploring adherence barriers and facilitators. Participants (n = 31) were primarily African-American (68%), mean age 22&nbsp;years (SD: 1.8), and 48% had optimal adherence. Adherence barriers included stigma, health systems inaccessibility, side effects, competing stressors, and low HIV risk perception. Facilitators included social support, health system accessibility,&nbsp;reminders/routines, high HIV risk perception, and personal agency. Our findings identify targets for intervention to improve PrEP adherence in these populations, including augmenting health activation and improving accuracy of HIV risk perception.</p>