<p>Among children one to 23 months of age with respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute lower respiratory infection in Botswana, young age (&lt;6 months), household use of wood as a cooking fuel, moderate or severe malnutrition, and oxygen saturation &lt;90% on room air were independent predictors of clinical non-response at 48 hours. Among HIV-uninfected infants less than six months of age, HIV exposure was associated with a higher risk of in-hospital mortality.</p>