BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are prescribed to most pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients, but data describing indications and appropriateness of antibiotic orders in this population are lacking.

METHODS: We performed a multicenter point prevalence study that included children admitted to 10 geographically diverse PICUs over 4 study days in 2019. Antibiotic orders were reviewed for indication, and appropriateness was assessed using a standardized rubric.

RESULTS: Of 1462 patients admitted to participating PICUs, 843 (58%) had at least 1 antibiotic order. A total of 1277 antibiotic orders were reviewed. Common indications were empiric therapy for suspected bacterial infections without sepsis or septic shock (260 orders, 21%), nonoperative prophylaxis (164 orders, 13%), empiric therapy for sepsis or septic shock (155 orders, 12%), community-acquired pneumonia (CAP; 118 orders, 9%), and post-operative prophylaxis (94 orders, 8%). Appropriateness was assessed for 985 orders for which an evidence-based rubric for appropriateness could be created. Of these, 331 (34%) were classified as inappropriate. Indications with the most orders classified as inappropriate were empiric therapy for suspected bacterial infection without sepsis or septic shock (78 orders, 24%), sepsis or septic shock (55 orders, 17%), CAP (51 orders, 15%), ventilator-associated infections (47 orders, 14%), and post-operative prophylaxis (44 orders, 14%). The proportion of antibiotics classified as inappropriate varied across institutions (range, 19%-43%).

CONCLUSIONS: Most PICU patients receive antibiotics. Based on our study, we estimate that one-third of antibiotic orders are inappropriate. Improved antibiotic stewardship and research focused on strategies to optimize antibiotic use in critically ill children are needed.

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are prescribed to most pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients, but data evaluating indications and appropriateness of antibiotic orders in this population are lacking.

METHODS: We performed a multicenter point prevalence study including children admitted to 10 geographically diverse PICUs over four study days in 2019. Antibiotic orders were reviewed for indication, and appropriateness was assessed using a standardized rubric.

RESULTS: Of 1462 patients admitted to participating PICUs, 843 (58%) had at least one antibiotic order. A total of 1277 antibiotic orders were reviewed. Common indications were empiric therapy for suspected bacterial infections without sepsis or septic shock (260 orders, 21%), non-operative prophylaxis (164 orders, 13%), empiric therapy for sepsis or septic shock (155 orders, 12%), community acquired pneumonia (CAP) (118 orders, 9%), and post-operative prophylaxis (94 orders, 8%). Appropriateness was assessed for 985 orders for which an evidence-based rubric for appropriateness could be created. Of these, 331 (34%) were classified as inappropriate. Indications with the most orders classified as inappropriate were empiric therapy for suspected bacterial infection without sepsis or septic shock (78 orders, 24%), sepsis or septic shock (55 orders, 17%), CAP (51 orders, 15%), ventilator-associated infections (47 orders, 14%), and post-operative prophylaxis (44 orders, 14%). The proportion of antibiotics classified as inappropriate varied across institutions (range: 19%-43%).

CONCLUSIONS: Most PICU patients receive antibiotics, and based on our study, we estimate that one-third of antibiotic orders are inappropriate. Improved antibiotic stewardship and research focused on strategies to optimize antibiotic use in critically ill children are needed.

<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Develop and test a new metric to assess meaningful variability in inpatient flow.</p>

<p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using the pediatric administrative dataset, Pediatric Health Information System, that quantifies the length of stay (LOS) in hours, all inpatient and observation encounters with 21 common diagnoses were included from the calendar year 2013 in 38 pediatric hospitals. Two mutually exclusive composite groups based on diagnosis and presence or absence of an ICU hospitalization termed Acute Care Composite (ACC) and ICU Composite (ICUC), respectively, were created. These composites consisted of an observed-to-expected (O/E) LOS as well as an excess LOS percentage (ie, the percent of day beyond expected). Seven-day all-cause risk-adjusted rehospitalizations was used as a balancing measure. The combination of the ACC, the ICUC, and the rehospitalization measures forms this new metric.</p>

<p><strong>Results: </strong>The diagnosis groups in the ACC and the ICUC included 113,768 and 38,400 hospitalizations, respectively. The ACC had a median O/E LOS of 1.0, a median excess LOS percentage of 23.9% and a rehospitalization rate of 1.7%. The ICUC had a median O/E LOS of 1.1, a median excess LOS percentage of 32.3%, and rehospitalization rate of 4.9%. There was no relationship of O/E LOS and rehospitalization for either ACC or ICUC.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This metric shows variation among hospitals and could allow a pediatric hospital to assess the performance of inpatient flow.</p>