First name
Aris
Middle name
C
Last name
Garro

Title

Empiric antibiotics for children with suspected Lyme disease.

Year of Publication

2022

Number of Pages

101989

Date Published

06/2022

ISSN Number

1877-9603

Abstract

In our prospective cohort of children undergoing evaluation for non-cutaneous Lyme disease, 02 (13.9% of those with Lyme disease) were not initially treated with an appropriate antibiotics and 356 (13.3% without Lyme disease) received potentially unnecessary antibiotics. Rapid and accurate diagnostics are needed to further improve initial antibiotic treatment decisions.

DOI

10.1016/j.ttbdis.2022.101989

Alternate Title

Ticks Tick Borne Dis

PMID

35759989

Title

Association of Herpes Simplex Virus Testing with Hospital Length of Stay for Infants ≤60 Days of Age Undergoing Evaluation for Meningitis.

Year of Publication

2019

Number of Pages

E1-E4

Date Published

2019 May 12

ISSN Number

1553-5606

Abstract

Although neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes significant morbidity, utilization of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HSV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test remains variable. Our objective was to examine the association of CSF HSV PCR testing with length of stay (LOS) in a 20-center retrospective cohort of hospitalized infants aged ≤60 days undergoing evaluation for meningitis after adjustment for patient-level factors and clustering by center. Of 20,496 eligible infants, 7,399 (36.1%) had a CSF HSV PCR test performed, and 46 (0.6% of those tested) had a positive test. Infants who had a CSF HSV PCR test performed had a 23% longer hospital LOS (incident rate ratio 1.23; 95% CI: 1.14-1.33). Targeted CSF HSV PCR testing may mitigate the impact on LOS for low-risk infants.

DOI

10.12788/jhm.3202

Alternate Title

J Hosp Med

PMID

31112493

Title

Seasonality of Acute Lyme Disease in Children.

Year of Publication

2021

Date Published

2021 Nov 09

ISSN Number

2414-6366

Abstract

<p>Due to the life cycle of its vector, Lyme disease has known seasonal variation. However, investigations focused on children have been limited. Our objective was to evaluate the seasonality of pediatric Lyme disease in three endemic regions in the United States. We enrolled children presenting to one of eight Pedi Lyme Net participating emergency departments. Cases were classified based on presenting symptoms: early (single erythema migrans (EM) lesion), early-disseminated (multiple EM lesions, headache, cranial neuropathy, or carditis), or late (arthritis). We defined a case of Lyme disease by the presence of an EM lesion or a positive two-tier Lyme disease serology. To measure seasonal variability, we estimated Fourier regression models to capture cyclical patterns in Lyme disease incidence. While most children with early or early-disseminated Lyme disease presented during the summer months, children with Lyme arthritis presented throughout the year. Clinicians should consider Lyme disease when evaluating children with acute arthritis throughout the year.</p>

DOI

10.3390/tropicalmed6040196

Alternate Title

Trop Med Infect Dis

PMID

34842846

Title

Two-Tier Lyme Disease Serology in Children with Previous Lyme Disease.

Year of Publication

2021

Date Published

2021 Oct 04

ISSN Number

1557-7759

Abstract

<p>A history of Lyme disease can complicate the interpretation of Lyme disease serology in acutely symptomatic patients. We prospectively enrolled children undergoing evaluation for Lyme disease in the emergency department of one of eight participating Pedi Lyme Net centers. We selected symptomatic children with a Lyme disease history (definite, probable, or none) as well as an available research biosample. We defined a Lyme disease case with either an erythema migrans (EM) lesion or positive two-tier serology with compatible symptoms. Using a generalized estimating equation, we examined the relationship between time from previous Lyme disease diagnosis and current Lyme disease after adjustment for patient demographics and symptoms as well as clustering by center. Of 2501 prospectively enrolled study patients, 126 (5.0%) reported a history of definite or probable Lyme disease. Of these children with previous Lyme disease, 47 met diagnostic criteria for Lyme disease at the time of enrollment (37.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 29.1-45.7%); 2 had an EM lesion, and 45 had positive two-tier Lyme disease serology. Over time from the previous Lyme disease diagnosis, the less likely the patient met diagnostic criteria for Lyme disease (adjusted odds ratio 0.62 per time period; 95% CI 0.46-0.84). For children with a history of Lyme disease before enrollment, one-third met the diagnostic criteria for acute Lyme disease with a declining rate over time from previous Lyme disease diagnosis. Novel Lyme disease diagnostics are needed to help distinguish acute from previous Lyme disease.</p>

DOI

10.1089/vbz.2021.0030

Alternate Title

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis

PMID

34610255

Title

Validation of Septic Knee Monoarthritis Prediction Rule in a Lyme Disease Endemic Area.

Year of Publication

2021

Date Published

2021 May 13

ISSN Number

1535-1815

Abstract

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>In Lyme disease endemic areas, Lyme and septic arthritis often present similarly. A published septic knee arthritis clinical prediction rule includes 2 high-risk predictors: absolute neutrophil count of 10,000 cells/mm or greater and erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 40 mm/h or greater. The objective of the study was to externally validate this prediction rule in a multicenter prospective cohort.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We enrolled a prospective cohort of children with knee monoarthritis undergoing evaluation for Lyme disease at 1 of 8 Pedi Lyme Net emergency departments located in endemic areas. We defined a case of septic arthritis with a positive synovial fluid culture or a synovial fluid white blood cell count of 50,000 or greater per high powered field with a positive blood culture and Lyme arthritis with a positive or equivocal C6 EIA, followed by a positive supplemental immunoblot. Other children were classified as having inflammatory arthritis. We report the performance of the septic arthritis clinical prediction rule in our study population.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 543 eligible children, 13 had septic arthritis (2.4%), 234 Lyme arthritis (43.1%), and 296 inflammatory arthritis (54.5%). Of the 457 children (84.2%) with available laboratory predictors, all children with septic arthritis were classified as high risk (sensitivity, 100%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 62.8%-100%; specificity, 68.1%; 95% CI, 63.6-73.3; negative predictive value, 278/278 [100%]; 95% CI, 98.6%-100%). Of the 303 low-risk children, 52 (17.2%) underwent diagnostic arthrocentesis.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The septic knee arthritis clinical prediction rule accurately distinguished between septic and Lyme arthritis in an endemic area. Clinical application may reduce unnecessary invasive diagnostic procedures.</p>

DOI

10.1097/PEC.0000000000002455

Alternate Title

Pediatr Emerg Care

PMID

34160185

Title

Pediatric Lyme Disease Biobank, United States, 2015-2020.

Year of Publication

2020

Number of Pages

3099-3101

Date Published

2020 Dec

ISSN Number

1080-6059

Abstract

<p>In 2015, we founded Pedi Lyme Net, a pediatric Lyme disease research network comprising 8 emergency departments in the United States. Of 2,497 children evaluated at 1 of these sites for Lyme disease, 515 (20.6%) were infected. This network is a unique resource for evaluating new approaches for diagnosing Lyme disease in children.</p>

DOI

10.3201/eid2612.200920

Alternate Title

Emerg Infect Dis

PMID

33219811

Title

Performance of the Modified Boston and Philadelphia Criteria for Invasive Bacterial Infections.

Year of Publication

2020

Date Published

2020 Mar 23

ISSN Number

1098-4275

Abstract

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The ability of the decades-old Boston and Philadelphia criteria to accurately identify infants at low risk for serious bacterial infections has not been recently reevaluated.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We assembled a multicenter cohort of infants 29 to 60 days of age who had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood cultures obtained. We report the performance of the modified Boston criteria (peripheral white blood cell count [WBC] ≥20 000 cells per mm, CSF WBC ≥10 cells per mm, and urinalysis with &gt;10 WBC per high-power field or positive urine dip result) and modified Philadelphia criteria (peripheral WBC ≥15 000 cells per mm, CSF WBC ≥8 cells per mm, positive CSF Gram-stain result, and urinalysis with &gt;10 WBC per high-power field or positive urine dip result) for the identification of invasive bacterial infections (IBIs). We defined IBI as bacterial meningitis (growth of pathogenic bacteria from CSF culture) or bacteremia (growth from blood culture).</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>We applied the modified Boston criteria to 8344 infants and the modified Philadelphia criteria to 8131 infants. The modified Boston criteria identified 133 of the 212 infants with IBI (sensitivity 62.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 55.9% to 69.3%] and specificity 59.2% [95% CI 58.1% to 60.2%]), and the modified Philadelphia criteria identified 157 of the 219 infants with IBI (sensitivity 71.7% [95% CI 65.2% to 77.6%] and specificity 46.1% [95% CI 45.0% to 47.2%]). The modified Boston and Philadelphia criteria misclassified 17 of 53 (32.1%) and 13 of 56 (23.3%) infants with bacterial meningitis, respectively.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The modified Boston and Philadelphia criteria misclassified a substantial number of infants 29 to 60 days old with IBI, including those with bacterial meningitis.</p>

DOI

10.1542/peds.2019-3538

Alternate Title

Pediatrics

PMID

32205466

Title

Higher C6 enzyme immunoassay index values correlate with a diagnosis of noncutaneous Lyme disease.

Year of Publication

2019

Number of Pages

160-164

Date Published

2019 Jun

ISSN Number

1879-0070

Abstract

<p>The correlation between the Food and Drug Administration-cleared C6 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) C6 index values and a diagnosis of Lyme disease has not been examined. We used pooled patient-level data from 5 studies of adults and children with Lyme disease and control subjects who were tested with the C6 EIA. We constructed a receiver operating characteristic curve using regression clustered by study and measured the area under the curve (AUC) to examine the accuracy of the C6 index values in differentiating between patients with noncutaneous Lyme disease and control subjects. In the 4821 included patients, the C6 index value had excellent ability to distinguish between patients with noncutaneous Lyme disease and control subjects [AUC 0.99; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.00]. An index value cut point of ≥3.0 had a sensitivity of 90.9% (95% CI, 87.8-93.3) and specificity of 99.0% (95% CI, 98.6-99.2%) for Lyme disease.</p>

DOI

10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.12.001

Alternate Title

Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.

PMID

30642722

Title

A minority of children diagnosed with Lyme disease recall a preceding tick bite.

Year of Publication

2019

Number of Pages

694-696

Date Published

2019 Apr

ISSN Number

1877-9603

Abstract

<p>Of 1770 children undergoing emergency department evaluation for Lyme disease, 362 (20.5%) children had Lyme disease. Of those with an available tick bite history, only a minority of those with Lyme disease had a recognized tick bite (60/325; 18.5%, 95% confidence interval 14.6-23.0%). Lack of a tick bite history does not reliably exclude Lyme disease.</p>

DOI

10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.02.015

Alternate Title

Ticks Tick Borne Dis

PMID

30853264

Title

Two-Tier Lyme Disease Serology Test Results Can Vary According to the Specific First-Tier Test Used.

Year of Publication

2019

Date Published

2019 Feb 22

ISSN Number

2048-7207

Abstract

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Variability in 2-tier Lyme disease test results according to the specific first-tier enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in children has not been examined rigorously. In this study, we compared paired results of clinical 2-tier Lyme disease tests to those of the C6 peptide EIA followed by supplemental immunoblotting (C6 2-tier test).</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We performed a prospective cohort study of children aged ≥1 to ≤21 years who were undergoing evaluation for Lyme disease in the emergency department at 1 of 6 centers located in regions in which Lyme disease is endemic. The clinical first-tier test and a C6 EIA were performed on the same serum sample with supplemental immunoblotting if the first-tier test result was either positive or equivocal. We compared the results of the paired clinical and C6 2-tier Lyme disease test results using the McNemar test.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of the 1714 children enrolled, we collected a research serum sample from 1584 (92.4%). The clinical 2-tier EIA result was positive in 316 (19.9%) children, and the C6 2-tier test result was positive or equivocal in 295 (18.6%) children. The clinical and C6 2-tier test results disagreed more often than they would have by chance alone (P = .002). Of the 39 children with either a positive clinical or C6 2-tier test result alone, 2 children had an erythema migrans (EM) lesion, and 29 had symptoms compatible with early disseminated Lyme disease.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Two-tier Lyme disease test results differed for a substantial number of children on the basis of the specific first-tier test used. In children for whom there is a high clinical suspicion for Lyme disease and who have an initially negative test result, clinicians should consider retesting for Lyme disease.</p>

DOI

10.1093/jpids/piy133

Alternate Title

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc

PMID

30793167

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