To understand ED providers' perspective on how to best care for individuals who present to US emergency departments (EDs) following self-injurious behavior, purposive recruitment identified nursing directors, medical directors, and social workers (n = 34) for telephone interviews from 17 EDs. Responses and probes to "What is the single most important thing ED providers and staff can do for patients who present to the ED after self-harm?" were analyzed using directed content analysis approach. Qualitative analyses identified four themes: treat patients with respect and compassion; listen carefully and be willing to ask sensitive personal questions; provide appropriate care during mental health crises; connect patients with mental health care. Participants emphasized treating patients who present to the ED after self-injurious behavior with respect and empathy. Hospitals could incentivize provider mental health training, initiatives promoting patient-provider collaboration, and reimbursement strategies ensuring adequate staffing of providers with time to listen carefully.

<p><strong>STUDY OBJECTIVE: </strong>We explored emergency department clinical leaders' views on providing emergency mental health services to pediatric and geriatric patients with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted semistructured interviews with a total of 34 nursing directors, medical directors, and behavioral health managers at 17 general hospital EDs across the United States, using purposive sampling to ensure variation among hospitals. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti and a directed content analysis approach.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Respondents from across a range of ED types expressed concerns regarding the capacity of their EDs to meet mental health needs of children and older adults. They experienced emotional distress over the increasing number of pediatric patients presenting to EDs with suicidal ideation/suicide attempt and described EDs as inappropriate environments for young patients with suicidal ideation/suicide attempt. Similarly, leaders expressed feeling ill-equipped to diagnose and treat geriatric patients with suicidal ideation/suicide attempt, who often had medical comorbidities that complicated treatment planning. Respondents noted that pediatric and geriatric patients frequently boarded in the ED. Some felt compelled to use creative solutions to provide safe spaces for pediatric and geriatric patients. Respondents voiced frustration over the lack of outpatient and inpatient mental health services for these patients.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Clinical leaders in EDs across the nation expressed distress at feeling they were not adequately equipped to meet the needs of pediatric and geriatric patients with suicidal ideation/suicide attempt. Future innovations to provide ED care for children and older adults with suicidal ideation/suicide attempt might include training for ED teams, access to specialist mental health clinicians through telehealth, and adaptations of physical spaces.</p>

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>Mental health follow-up after an emergency department (ED) visit for suicide ideation/attempt is a critical component of suicide prevention for young people.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We analyzed 2009-2012 Medicaid Analytic Extract for 62,139 treat-and-release ED visits and 30,312 ED-to-hospital admissions for suicide ideation/attempt among patients ages 6- to 17-years. We used mixed-effects logistic regression models to examine associations between patients' healthcare utilization prior to the ED visit and likelihood of completing a 30-day mental health follow-up visit.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Overall, for treat-and-release ED visits, 49% had a 30-day follow-up mental health visit, and for ED-to-hospital admissions, 67% had a 30-day follow-up mental health visit. Having a mental health visit in the 30-days preceding the ED visit was the strongest predictor of completing a mental health follow-up visit (ED treat-and-release: adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 11.01; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 9.82-12.35; ED-to-hospital AOR 4.60; 95%CI 3.16-6.68). Among those with no mental health visit in the 30-days preceding the ED visit, only 25% had an ambulatory mental health follow-up visit. Having a general healthcare visit in the 30-days preceding the ED visit had a much smaller association with completing a mental health follow-up visit (ED treat-and-release: AOR 1.17; 95%CI 1.09-1.24; ED-to-hospital AOR 1.25; 95%CI 1.17-1.34).</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Young people without an existing source of ambulatory mental health care have low rates of mental health follow up after an ED visit for suicide ideation or attempt, and opportunities exist to improve mental health follow up for youth with recent general healthcare visits.</p>

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>Every year, approximately 500 000 patients in the United States present to emergency departments for treatment after an episode of self-harm. Evidence-based practices such as designing safer ED environments, safety planning, and discharge planning are effective for improving the care of these patients but are not always implemented with fidelity because of resource constraints. The aim of this study was to provide insight into how ED staff innovate processes of care and services by leveraging what is available on-site or in their communities.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>A total of 34 semi-structured qualitative phone interviews were conducted with 12 nursing directors, 11 medical directors, and 11 social workers from 17 emergency departments. Respondents comprised a purposive stratified sample recruited from a large national survey in the US. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using a directed content analysis approach to identify categories of strategies used by ED staff to care for patients being treated after self-harm.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Although respondents characterized the emergency department as an environment that was not well-suited to meet patient mental health needs, they nevertheless described 4 categories of strategies to improve the care of patients seen in the emergency department after an episode of self-harm. These included: adapting the ED environment, improving efficiencies to provide mental health care, supporting the staff who provide direct care for patients, and leveraging community resources to improve access to mental health resources postdischarge.</p>

<p><strong>DISCUSSION: </strong>Despite significant challenges in meeting the mental health needs of patients treated in the emergency department after self-harm, the staff identified opportunities to provide mental health care and services within the emergency department and leverage community resources to support patients after discharge.</p>

<p><strong>Importance: </strong>To prevent suicide deaths, acute care settings need tools to ensure individuals at risk of suicide access mental health care and remain safe until they do so.</p>

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To examine the association of brief acute care suicide prevention interventions with patients' subsequent suicide attempts, linkage to follow-up care, and depression symptoms at follow-up.</p>

<p><strong>Data Sources: </strong>Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, PsychINFO, Embase, and references of included studies using concepts of suicide, prevention, and clinical trial to identify relevant articles published January 2000 to May 2019.</p>

<p><strong>Study Selection: </strong>Studies describing clinical trials of single-encounter suicide prevention interventions were included. Two reviewers independently reviewed all articles to determine eligibility for study inclusion.</p>

<p><strong>Data Extraction and Synthesis: </strong>Two reviewers independently abstracted data according to PRISMA guidelines and assessed studies' risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Data were pooled for each outcome using random-effects models. Small study effects including publication bias were assessed using Peter and Egger regression tests.</p>

<p><strong>Main Outcomes and Measures: </strong>Three primary outcomes were examined: subsequent suicide attempts, linkage to follow-up care, and depression symptoms at follow-up. Suicide attempts and linkage to follow-up care were measured using validated patient self-report measures and medical record review; odds ratios and Hedges g standardized mean differences were pooled to estimate effect sizes. Depression symptoms were measured 2 to 3 months after the encounter using validated self-report measures, and pooled Hedges g standardized mean differences were used to estimate effect sizes.</p>

<p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 14 studies, representing outcomes for 4270 patients, were included. Pooled-effect estimates showed that brief suicide prevention interventions were associated with reduced subsequent suicide attempts (pooled odds ratio, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53-0.89), increased linkage to follow-up (pooled odds ratio, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.79-5.17) but were not associated with reduced depression symptoms (Hedges g = 0.28 [95% CI, -0.02 to 0.59).</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions and Relevance: </strong>In this meta-analysis, breif suicide prevention interventions were associated with reduced subsequent suicide attempts. Suicide prevention interventions delivered in a single in-person encounter may be effective at reducing subsequent suicide attempts and ensuring that patients engage in follow-up mental health care.</p>

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Psychiatric comorbidity is common in pediatric medical and surgical hospitalizations and is associated with worse hospital outcomes. Integrating medical or surgical and psychiatric hospital care depends on accurate estimates of which hospitalized children have psychiatric comorbidity.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>We conducted a study to determine agreement of family report (FR) and clinician documentation (CD) identification of psychiatric diagnoses in hospitalized children.</p>

<p><strong>DESIGN AND SETTING: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study at a tertiary-care children's hospital.</p>

<p><strong>PATIENTS: </strong>The patients were children and adolescents (age, 4-21 years) who were hospitalized for medical or surgical indications.</p>

<p><strong>MEASUREMENTS: </strong>Psychiatric diagnoses were identified from structured interviews (FR) and from inpatient notes and International Classification of Diseases codes in medical records (CD). We compared estimates of point prevalence of any comorbid psychiatric diagnosis using each method, and estimated FR--CD agreement in identifying psychiatric comorbidity in hospitalized children.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of 119 study patients, 26 (22%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14%-29%) had a psychiatric comorbidity identified by FR, 30 (25%; 95% CI, 17%-34%) had it identified by CD, and 37 (23%-40%) had it identified by FR or CD. Agreement between FR and CD was low overall (κ = .46; 95% CI, .27-.66), highest for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (κ = .78; 95% CI, .59-.97), and lowest for anxiety disorders (κ = .11; 95% CI, -.16 to .56).</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Current methods may underestimate the prevalence of psychiatric conditions in hospitalized children. Information from multiple sources may be needed to develop accurate estimates of the scope of the population in need of services so that mental health resources can be appropriately allocated. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2017;12.</p>

<p><strong>OBJECTIVES: </strong>Mood and anxiety disorders are associated with greater inpatient care utilization in children with chronic illness. We sought to investigate the association of mood or anxiety disorders and outcomes for hospitalized pediatric patients, using pneumonia as a model.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study of pneumonia hospitalizations in patients 5 to 20 years old, using the nationally representative Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's 2012 Kids' Inpatient Database. We used multivariable logistic and linear regression models stratified by age group to determine the independent association of mood or anxiety disorders with complications and length of stay, adjusted for clinical, demographic, and hospital characteristics.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Of 34,794 pneumonia hospitalizations, 3.5% involved a patient with a comorbid mood or anxiety disorder. Overall incidence of complications was 13.1%. Mean length of stay was 4.5 days. In adjusted models, comorbid mood or anxiety disorders were associated with greater odds of pneumonia complications in school-aged children (odds ratio 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-2.71) and adolescents (odds ratio 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.31-2.02). Hospitalizations with an associated mood or anxiety disorder were longer than those without, by 11.2% in school-aged children and 13.6% in adolescents (P &lt; .001). The association of mood and anxiety disorders with longer hospital stay was not modified by the presence of pneumonia complications.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>In pediatric patients hospitalized for pneumonia, a comorbid mood or anxiety disorder is associated with greater odds of complications and longer hospital stay. The presence of pneumonia complications did not influence the relationship between mood or anxiety disorders and length of stay.</p>