First name
Jennifer
Middle name
L
Last name
Goldman

Title

Precision dosing of vancomycin: in defence of AUC-guided therapy in children.

Year of Publication

2021

Number of Pages

Date Published

2021 Jun 07

ISSN Number

1460-2091

Abstract

<p>In 2020, new vancomycin guidelines were released, recommending the transition from trough-based to AUC24 monitoring for adult and paediatric patients. Given the resources required to achieve this transition, there has been debate about the costs and benefits of AUC24-based monitoring. A recent narrative review of vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring in paediatrics claims to have uncovered the methodological weaknesses of the data that informed the guidelines and advises against premature adoption of AUC24-guided monitoring. In this article, we present supporting arguments for AUC24-guided monitoring in children, which include that: (i) troughs alone are inadequate surrogates for AUC24; (ii) vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity has significant consequences that warrant optimization of dosing; (iii) a substantial portion of children receiving vancomycin are at high risk for poor outcomes and deserve targeted monitoring; and (iv) limited efficacy data in support of AUC24 is not a justification to revert to a less supported monitoring approach.</p>

DOI

10.1093/jac/dkab194

Alternate Title

J Antimicrob Chemother

PMID

34096598
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Title

Readmissions Following Hospitalization for Infection in Children With or Without Medical Complexity.

Year of Publication

2021

Number of Pages

134-141

Date Published

2021 Mar

ISSN Number

1553-5606

Abstract

<p><strong>OBJECTIVE: </strong>To describe the prevalence and characteristics of infection-related readmissions in children and to identify opportunities for readmission reduction and estimate associated cost savings.</p>

<p><strong>STUDY DESIGN: </strong>Retrospective analysis of 380,067 nationally representative index hospitalizations for children using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database. We compared 30-day, all-cause unplanned readmissions and costs across 22 infection categories. We used the Inpatient Essentials database to measure hospital-level readmission rates and to establish readmission benchmarks for individual infections. We then estimated the number of readmissions avoided and costs saved if hospitals achieved the 10th percentile of hospitals' readmission rates (ie, readmission benchmark). All analyses were stratified by the presence/absence of a complex chronic condition (CCC).</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>The overall 30-day readmission rate was 4.9%. Readmission rates varied substantially across infections and by presence/absence of a CCC (CCC: range, 0%-21.6%; no CCC: range, 1.5%-8.6%). Approximately 42.6% of readmissions (n = 3,576) for children with a CCC and 54.7% of readmissions (n = 5,507) for children without a CCC could have been potentially avoided if hospitals achieved infection-specific benchmark readmission rates, which could result in an estimated savings of $70.8 million and $44.5 million, respectively. Bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infections were among infections with the greatest number of potentially avoidable readmissions and cost savings for children with and without a CCC.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Readmissions following hospitalizations for infection in children vary significantly by infection type. To improve hospital resource use for infections, future preventative measures may prioritize children with complex chronic conditions and those with specific diagnoses (eg, respiratory illnesses).</p>

DOI

10.12788/jhm.3505

Alternate Title

J Hosp Med

PMID

33617439
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Title

Too much of a good thing: defining antimicrobial therapeutic targets to minimize toxicity.

Year of Publication

2021

Number of Pages

Date Published

2021 Feb 04

ISSN Number

1532-6535

Abstract

<p>Antimicrobials are a common cause of drug toxicity. Understanding the relationship between systemic antimicrobial exposure and toxicity is necessary to enable providers to take a proactive approach to prevent undesired drug effects. When an exposure threshold has been defined that predicts drug toxicity, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can be performed to assure drug exposure does not exceed the defined threshold. Although some antimicrobials have well-defined dose-dependent toxicities, many other exposure-toxicity relationships have either not been well-defined or in some cases, not been evaluated at all. In this review, we examine the relationship between exposures and toxicities for antibiotic, antifungal and antiviral agents. Furthermore, we classify these relationships into four categories: known association between drug exposure and toxicity such that clinical implementation of a specific exposure threshold associated with toxicity for TDM is supported (category 1), known association between drug exposure and toxicity but the specific exposure threshold associated with toxicity is undefined (category 2), association between drug exposure and toxicity has been suggested but relationship is poorly defined (category 3), and no known association between drug exposure and toxicity (category 4). Further work to define exposure-toxicity thresholds and integrate effective TDM strategies has the potential to minimize many of the observed antimicrobials toxicities.</p>

DOI

10.1002/cpt.2190

Alternate Title

Clin Pharmacol Ther

PMID

33539569
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Title

Variability in Antifungal and Antiviral Use in Hospitalized Children.

Year of Publication

2017

Number of Pages

1-4

Date Published

2017 Mar 15

ISSN Number

1559-6834

Abstract

<p>We analyzed antifungal and antiviral prescribing among high-risk children across freestanding children's hospitals. Antifungal and antiviral days of therapy varied across hospitals. Benchmarking antifungal and antiviral use and developing antimicrobial stewardship strategies to optimize use of these high cost agents is needed. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;1-4.</p>

DOI

10.1017/ice.2017.40

Alternate Title

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

PMID

28294077
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Title

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy in Pediatric Medicaid Enrollees.

Year of Publication

2016

Number of Pages

Date Published

2016 Jan 23

ISSN Number

2048-7207

Abstract

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is overused in cases where highly bioavailable oral alternatives would be equally effective. However, the scope of OPAT use for children nationwide is poorly understood. Our objective was to characterize OPAT use and clinical outcomes for a large population of pediatric Medicaid enrollees treated with OPAT.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We analyzed the Truven MarketScan Medicaid claims database between 2009 and 2012. An OPAT episode was identified by capturing children with claims data indicating home infusion therapy for an intravenous antimicrobial. We characterized OPAT use by describing patient demographics, diagnoses, and antimicrobials prescribed. We categorized an antimicrobial as highly bioavailable if ≥80% systemic exposure was expected from the peroral dose. We also determined the percentage of OPAT recipients in whom a follow-up healthcare encounter occurred during the OPAT episode in either the emergency department or as a hospital admission. We reviewed the primary diagnoses associated with these healthcare encounters to determine whether it was related to OPAT.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>We identified 3433 OPAT episodes in 2687 patients. A total of 4774 antimicrobials were prescribed during these episodes. Ceftriaxone and vancomycin were the most commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Highly bioavailable antimicrobials accounted for 34% of antimicrobials used for OPAT. An emergency department visit or hospital admission occurred during 38% of OPAT episodes, among which 61% were OPAT-related.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>The high rate of medical encounters associated with OPAT in this cohort and the common prescribing of highly bioavailable antimicrobials underscore the opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship of pediatric OPAT.</p>

DOI

10.1093/jpids/piv106

Alternate Title

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc

PMID

26803327
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Title

Costs of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs at US Children's Hospitals.

Year of Publication

2016

Number of Pages

1-3

Date Published

2016 Mar 29

ISSN Number

1559-6834

Abstract

<p>The costs of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) in children's hospitals have not been described previously. We assessed ASP costs using an online survey administered to ASP leaders at U.S. children's hospitals. ASP costs varied from $17,000 to $388,500 annually (median, $187,400). Overall costs were not correlated with hospital size. Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;1-3.</p>

DOI

10.1017/ice.2016.62

Alternate Title

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol

PMID

27020133
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