Establishing Nationally Representative Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) Surveillance Data in Paediatric Patients in Greece.

2019

53-59

2019 Jan

1532-2939

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and with excess costs. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) are the most common HAI in neonates and children.</p>

<p><strong>AIM: </strong>The broad objective of this study was to establish national benchmark data around rates of CLABSI in neonatal and paediatric intensive care units (NICUs and PICUs) and paediatric oncology units (ONCs).</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>Active surveillance for CLABSI was conducted from June 2016 to February 2017. A collaborative of 14 NICUs, 4 PICUs, and 6 ONCs participated in the program. Surveillance definitions of central line (CL), central line utilization (CLU) ratio, CLABSI event, and CLABSI rate were based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2014 National Healthcare Safety Network criteria. Medical records were assessed daily for calculating CL days, patient days, and susceptibility of isolated organisms.</p>

<p><strong>FINDINGS: </strong>A total of 111 CLABSI episodes were recorded. The overall mean CLABSI rate was 4.41 infections per 1000 CL days, and the CLU ratio was 0.31. CLABSI rates were 6.02 in NICUs, 6.09 in PICUs, and 2.78 per 1000 CL days in ONCs. A total of 123 pathogens were isolated. The most common pathogens were Enterobacteriaceae (36%), followed by Gram-positive cocci (29%), non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (16%), and fungi (16%). Overall, 37% of Gram-negative pathogens were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and 37% to carbapenems.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Nationally representative CLABSI rates were determined for paediatric patients. These data could be used to benchmark and serve as baseline data for the design and evaluation of infection control and antimicrobial stewardship interventions.</p>

10.1016/j.jhin.2018.07.032

J. Hosp. Infect.

30059747

Epidemiology of Invasive Fungal Disease in Children.

2017

S3-S11

2017 Sep 01

2048-7207

<p>Considerable progress has been made in the prevention, diagnosis, and management of pediatric patients with invasive fungal disease (IFD). The reported decreasing trend in the incidence of invasive candidiasis (IC) over the past 15 years in both neonates and children has been encouraging. Nevertheless, due to the growing number of immunocompromised children at risk for IFD, this disease continues to be associated with significant morbidity and death and with increased financial burden to the health care system. Therefore, it is important to understand the contemporary epidemiology of IFD. Incidence rates of IFD in children are affected by geographical, population, and time variability. There is an ongoing effort to constantly document and update the incidence of IFD and species distribution among different pediatric populations as a means to direct preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic resources to the most appropriate subset of patients. Children with a hematologic malignancy or a primary or secondary immunodeficiency, those undergoing solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and premature neonates are the major subsets of pediatric patients at risk of developing IFD. In this review, we focus on fungal disease epidemiology with a specific emphasis on the 2 most common pediatric IFDs, IC and invasive aspergillosis (IA).</p>

10.1093/jpids/pix046

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc

28927200

Diagnostic Imaging and Invasive Fungal Diseases in Children.

2017

S22-S31

2017 Sep 01

2048-7207

<p>Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is a life-threatening condition, especially in immunocompromised children. The role of diagnostic imaging in children at risk for an IFD is multifactorial, including initially detecting it, evaluating for dissemination of infection beyond the primary site of disease, monitoring the response to antifungal therapy, and assessing for potential relapse. The objective of this review was to synthesize the published literature relevant to the use of various imaging modalities for the diagnosis and management of IFD in children.</p>

10.1093/jpids/pix055

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc

28927203

Failure to Validate a Multivariable Clinical Prediction Model to Identify Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients at High Risk for Candidemia.

2015

2015 Apr 29

2048-7207

<p>We attempted to validate a previously derived clinical prediction rule for candidemia in the pediatric intensive care unit. This multicenter case control study did not identify significant association of candidemia with most of the previously identified predictors. Additional study in larger cohorts with other predictor variables is needed.</p>

10.1093/jpids/piv024

J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc

26407259

Results from a prospective, international, epidemiologic study of invasive candidiasis in children and neonates.

2012

1252-7

2012 Dec

1532-0987

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Candida species are the third most common cause of pediatric health care-associated bloodstream infection in the United States and Europe. To our knowledge, this report from the International Pediatric Fungal Network is the largest prospective, multicenter observational study dedicated to pediatric and neonatal invasive candidiasis.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>From 2007 to 2011, we enrolled 196 pediatric and 25 neonatal patients with invasive candidiasis.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Non-albicans Candida species predominated in pediatric (56%) and neonatal (52%) age groups, yet Candida albicans was the most common species in both groups. Successful treatment responses were observed in pediatric (76%) and neonatal patients (92%). Infection with Candida parapsilosis led to successful responses in pediatric (92%) and neonatal (100%) patients, whereas infection with Candida glabrata was associated with a lower successful outcome in pediatric patients (55%). The most commonly used primary antifungal therapies for pediatric invasive candidiasis were fluconazole (21%), liposomal amphotericin B (20%) and micafungin (18%). Outcome of pediatric invasive candidiasis was similar in response to polyenes (73%), triazoles (67%) and echinocandins (73%). The most commonly used primary antifungal therapies for neonatal invasive candidiasis were fluconazole (32%), caspofungin (24%) and liposomal amphotericin B (16%) and micafungin (8%). Outcomes of neonatal candidiasis by antifungal class again revealed similar response rates among the classes.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>We found a predominance of non-albicans Candida infection in children and similar outcomes based on antifungal class used. This international collaborative study sets the foundation for large epidemiologic studies focusing on the unique features of neonatal and pediatric candidiasis and comparative studies of therapeutic interventions in these populations.</p>

10.1097/INF.0b013e3182737427

Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.

22982980

Epidemiology, risk factors and outcome of Candida parapsilosis bloodstream infection in children.

2012

557-60

2012 Jun

1532-0987

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>Candida parapsilosis constitutes a common Candida spp. isolated in children with candidemia. Few data exist on risk factors and outcome of candidemia caused by C. parapsilosis in pediatric patients.</p>

<p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We conducted a retrospective analysis of demographic data, clinical features, therapeutic procedures and outcomes associated with Candida bloodstream infections (BSIs) that occurred at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia between 1997 and 2009.</p>

<p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Among 406 Candida BSIs, Candida albicans accounted for 198 (49%), C. parapsilosis for 99 (24%) and all other species for 109 (27%) episodes. There was no consistent change in the proportion of C. parapsilosis BSIs during the study. C. parapsilosis BSI was more frequent than non-parapsilosis Candida spp. at age ≤2 years as compared with older patients (62% versus 50%, odds ratio = 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.03-1.51, P = 0.038). Patients with C. parapsilosis were more likely to be mechanically ventilated within 48 hours of BSI (odds ratio = 1.38, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.85, P = 0.047). Presence of a urinary catheter a week before infection was a protective factor for developing candidemia due to C. parapsilosis spp. (P = 0.003). No significant differences were found between the 2 groups in the presence of central intravascular catheters, comorbidities and clinical or surgical procedures, previous administration of immunosuppressive or antifungal agents and mortality.</p>

<p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>C. parapsilosis is the second most frequent cause of candidemia after C. albicans. Although it is more frequent at the age of ≤2 years and is more likely associated with mechanical ventilation than other Candida spp., mortality does not significantly differ between those with and without C. parapsilosis candidemia.</p>

10.1097/INF.0b013e31824da7fe

Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J.

22333703

Posaconazole: when and how? The clinician's view.

2012

110-22

2012 Mar

1439-0507

<p>Posaconazole is the newest triazole antifungal agent available as an oral suspension with an extended spectrum of activity against Candida species, Aspergillus species, Cryptococcus neoformans, Zygomycetes and endemic fungi. Among posaconazole advantages are the relatively low potential of cross-resistance with other azoles, few drug interactions compared with other azoles and its activity against Zygomycetes. Randomised, double-blind trials have shown that posaconazole is effective for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections (IFI), especially aspergillosis, in high-risk patients. Results of Phase III clinical trials and case/series reports indicate that posaconazole is effective in treating oesophageal candidiasis, including azole-refractory disease, and other IFI refractory to standard antifungal therapies. To date, posaconazole has appeared to be well tolerated even in long-term courses; it has an excellent safety profile with gastrointestinal disturbances being the most common adverse events reported. The dose of posaconazole is 200 mg three times daily for prophylaxis, 800 mg daily in two or four divided doses for the treatment of IFI and 100 mg daily (200 mg loading dose) for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. On the basis of early clinical experience, it appears that posaconazole will be a valuable aid in the management of life-threatening fungal infections.</p>

10.1111/j.1439-0507.2011.02061.x

Mycoses

21762211

Development of new strategies for early diagnosis of mucormycosis from bench to bedside.

2014

2-7

2014 Dec

1439-0507

<p>Early diagnosis and initiation of amphotericin B (AmB) for treatment of mucormycosis increases survival from approximately 40% to 80%. The central objective of a new study of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) and the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) Zygomycosis Working Group is to improve the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of mucormycosis. The diagnostic tools generated from this study may help to significantly improve survival from mucormycosis worldwide. The study has three major objectives: to conduct a prospective international registration of patients with mucormycosis using a well-established global network of centres; to construct a predictive risk model for patients at risk for mucormycosis; and to establish an international archive of specimens of tissues, fluids, and organisms linked from the patients enrolled into the registry that will be used for development of leading edge molecular, proteomic, metabolic and antigenic systems for mucormycosis.</p>

10.1111/myc.12249

Mycoses

25475924