<p>Kidney and inferior vena cava abnormalities with leg thrombosis is a newly described entity in the literature termed KILT (kidney and inferior vena cava (IVC) abnormalities with leg thrombosis) syndrome. We present a case of newly diagnosed KILT syndrome in an 11-year-old girl presenting with pain and problems with ambulation. We also review the few cases of KILT syndrome previously reported in the literature.</p>

<p>Neurosonography has become an essential tool for diagnosis and serial monitoring of preterm brain injury. Preterm infants are at significantly higher risk of hypoxic-ischemic injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia and post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Neonatologists have become increasingly dependent on neurosonography to initiate medical and surgical interventions because it can be used at the bedside. While brain MRI is regarded as the gold standard for detecting preterm brain injury, neurosonography offers distinct advantages such as its cost-effectiveness, diagnostic utility and convenience. Neurosonographic signatures associated with poor long-term outcomes shape decisions regarding supportive care, medical or behavioral interventions, and family members' expectations. Within the last decade substantial progress has been made in neurosonography techniques, prompting an updated review of the topic. In addition to the up-to-date summary of neurosonography, this review discusses the potential roles of emerging neurosonography techniques that offer new functional insights into the brain, such as superb microvessel imaging, elastography, three-dimensional ventricular volume assessment, and contrast-enhanced US.</p>

<p><strong>Context: </strong>Thyroid nodules are increasingly recognized in children and are associated with a greater risk for thyroid cancer compared to adults. Thyroid ultrasound is the favored tool for evaluation of thyroid nodules; however, there are limited data regarding the accuracy of thyroid ultrasound to confirm features associated with a low risk of thyroid cancer in children.</p>

<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We examined whether thyroid ultrasound is capable of accurately identifying thyroid nodules at a low risk of malignancy in children.</p>

<p><strong>Design and Setting: </strong>Using a retrospective cohort study design, we identified all children age ≤ 18 years with thyroid nodules and adequate follow up. Ultrasound images were reviewed independently by two blinded expert radiologists and ultrasound characteristics were analyzed to determine optimal predictive value and reliability.</p>

<p><strong>Patients and Results: </strong>417 subjects were found to have thyroid nodules and 152 subjects had adequate follow up; 59 (38.8%) of these were diagnosed with thyroid cancer. 236 individual nodules were evaluated. Features most consistent with benign nodules included small size, isoechoic echogenicity, partially cystic structure, sharp or non-infiltrative margins, absent Doppler flow and absent calcifications. Significant variability was found between expert interpretations of ultrasound features. Thyroid nodule composition appears to be the most sensitive and reliable feature for stratifying risk of thyroid cancer. Cumulatively, ultrasound accurately identified benign thyroid nodules in 80.9% (95% CI 74, 86.6%) of subjects.</p>

<p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Ultrasonography is useful for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, but we found no combination of ultrasound features sufficient to exclude thyroid cancer without a biopsy.</p>